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Chemist Axel Becke wins $1M Herzberg Medal

His work made it practical to run chemistry experiments inside computers

By Emily Chung, CBC News

Posted: Feb 17, 2015 12:21 PM ET
Last Updated: Feb 18, 2015 8:48 AM ET

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NSERC Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal

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Dalhousie University chemistry professor Axel Becke has won the 2015 Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering, Canada's top science prize, which comes with $1 million. (Martin Lipman/Lipman Still Pictures)

A Nova Scotia researcher who helped make it practical to predict and explore the chemistry of complex molecules such as proteins using computers has won Canada's top science prize — a medal and $1 million.

The computer modelling techniques developed by Axel Becke, professor and Killam Chair in Computational Science at Dalhousie University, over the past three decades are now being used for a huge range of applications, from discovering drugs to developing nanotechnology to designing materials for use in clean energy technology.

Becke will be awarded the 2015 Gerhard Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering for his work at a ceremony in Ottawa today, announced the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, which is presenting the award. NSERC is Canada's main science and engineering funding agency.

The $1-million prize recognizes "sustained excellence and influence" in Canadian research that has "substantially advanced" science or engineering.

Becke helped make refinements to density-functional theory (DFT), which is used to predict the behaviour of the atoms that make up matter from the motion of their electrons — allowing chemists to run many experiments inside a computer to complement their work on the lab bench.

Contribution to Nobel Prize

The theory is so important to modern chemistry that in 1998, University of California, Santa Barbara chemist Walter Kohn shared half the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for first proposing the theory in the 1960s.

"Density-functional theory is applicable to anything and everything because all matter in our terrestrial world depends on the motion of electrons," Becke said in an interview with NSERC president Mario Pinto posted on YouTube.

Watch the video

But until the 1980s, he added, the theory wasn't accurate enough to be that useful.

"And I just wondered: How can we make it better?"

Computer modelling using Density Functional Theory can be used to identify mystery molecules found in experiments. For example, Brown University researchers used the technique to show in 2014 that 40 boron atoms form a molecular cage similar to the carbon buckyball. (Lai-Sheng Wang/Brown University)

Becke estimates that his research helped improve the accuracy of the theory by "about a factor of 50."

According to NSERC, the fact that Kohn received the Nobel prize "was in large part an outcome of Dr. Becke's enhancements of the theory."

Becke was one of two early pioneers who ultimately made it possible for chemists to actually make use of Kohn's theory, said Dennis Salahub, a University of Calgary theoretical chemist who researches density functional theory and has known Becke for 35 years.

Nobel Prize awarded for virtual chemistry

Paul Ayers, a McMaster University chemist who was one of the referees for the Herzberg award, said it's "difficult to overstate how monumental Becke's achievement was."

He greatly improved the accuracy of the theory by uncovering "deep insights" into how negatively-charged electrons swerve to avoid each other in molecules and materials, Ayers said in an email.

With those refinements, the theory allows computers to calculate how different atoms will bond together to form complex molecules, their "fingerprints" when probed with different analytical techniques, and how different molecules will interact with one another.

That can often help researchers decide what experiments to run in the lab, and to identify mystery molecules and processes they find in their experiments.

Boron 'buckyball' discovered

The fact that the calculations agree so well with what chemists find in the lab is "the reason we know it's a good theory," Salahub said.

Insights into things that can't be measured

In fact, the technique can even be used to see things that we can't measure using any existing techniques, such as how large proteins move and interact at a molecular level, he added.

"And then you can go even further into gaining insight into how nature works."

Decades ago, when theoretical chemists and physicists were first trying to predict the behaviour of atoms based on quantum physics — which governs the behaviour or very small particles like electrons – they used to painstakingly consider the motion of each individual electron, which was very complicated.

Kohn showed that wasn't necessary — you just needed to know the average number of electrons at any given point in space — that is, their density. That's why the theory is called density-functional theory.

That was far simpler than calculating the motion of each electron, and could be easily measured using x-rays, Salahub said.

The simplification eventually made it possible to use the theory to make predictions about the chemistry of very large molecules or complex systems — but not until Becke took that technique and incorporated important details about electron behaviour.

The refined theory has now been incorporated into software packages and used by scientists, engineers and companies around the world across a huge spectrum of scientific research.

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Sentient Human Guest

Rank 21

I'm still waiting on the return of the analog computers, and the advent of Trinary coding.

1 hour ago

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Sentient Human Guest

Rank 21

Brilliant and well deserved.

1 hour ago

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Pennyworth Guest

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Congrats! That's really interesting work (coming from a non-chemist).

2 hours ago

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Qadir Timerghazin Guest

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Axel Becke's impact on chemistry and other sciences is indeed huge. Suffice to say that he is by far the most cited Canadian scientist, and one of the ten most cited scientists world-wide.

3 hours ago

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Don MacQuarrie Guest

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Important work indeed! Well done sir. You must be part physicist, computer scientist, and chemist in equal measure. Wonder how the complexity of the programs compare to astrophysics models?

3 hours ago

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Watchingtext Guest

Rank 22611

Well done Sir! Yes you do deserve a Nobel Prize.

10 hours ago

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Hows' That Guest

Rank 380

Fine work. Makes us all proud! I would like to think our PM could present the prize, but then he is supposed to dislike scientists?

12 hours ago

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Don MacQuarrie Guest

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@Hows' That

He's not invited, but he will always have bon homme....

3 hours ago

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HomeMovies Ca Guest

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wait a mo' - two americans theorize DFT but can't make it work accurately enough to be useful and get Nobel Prize.

one canadian proves the theory, imPROVES the math by factor of 50 to the point it is accurate enough to be useful THEN develops a computer that can do what no human ever could, but -

does not get the Nobel Prize

figures, eh.

well, big congrats anyways - you deserve a nobel too.

14 hours ago

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DownwardBound Guest

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@HomeMovies Ca

Kohn provided the fundamental equations at the foundation of the theory. However given the limitations on computing power in the 1960's, approximations had to be made so that the theory was only applicable in simple cases. The refinement had as much to do with the enormous jump in computational capabilities as anything else.

9 hours ago

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Bumpy Road Guest

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WOW, Harper hasn't shut down this research endeavour to promote theoretical science that outlines methods for practical applications?

Amazing.

17 hours ago

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bochdan Guest

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@Bumpy Road A lot of good science happening in Canada.

15 hours ago

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Don MacQuarrie Guest

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@bochdan

Not like the old days...

3 hours ago

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CBC/Viafoura "Guest" Account Guest

Rank 343

Sounds like a great day for Dalhousie, and their Science Programs, Congratulations to them are in order....

Especially when you consider the Bad Publicity credited to some of their Law School Alumni, and Dentistry students today.

Perhaps All Canadian Universities should be expanding and developing their Scientific Research programs over Law Schools?

18 hours ago

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displacdwestern Guest

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@CBC/Viafoura "Guest" Account

Harper wouldn't allow more science. There's too much as is. Study the bible!

18 hours ago

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Don MacQuarrie Guest

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@displacdwestern

Yup. They still can't even accept the sun going around the earth thing yet.

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